09年10月自考英语（一）串讲笔记
发布: 2009-8-27 09:18 | 作者: 柒夏 | 来源: 中华会计资讯
（unit1）
Text A How to Be a Successful Language Learner？
搭配：
1. disagree with 不同意/动词词组
2. guarantee sth. for sb. 保证某人某事/动词词组
e.g. This will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 这样不能确保每一位学习语言的成年人都成功。
3. be different from 与什么不同/形容词词组
4. succeed in sth./ doing sth. 成功做某事/动词词组
5. offer advice to sb. 给某人建议/动词词组
6. play with sth. 轻松学习某事物/动词词组
7. in many ways 再很多方面/介词词组
8. depend on sb./sth. for sth. 依靠某人或某事而获得某事/动词词组
9. discover one‘’s own way to do sth. 发现并用自己的方法做某事/动词词组
10. instead of sth./ doing sth. 想反/而没有做某事/介词词组
11. wait for sb. to do sth. 等待某人做某事/动词词组
12. look for sth./sb. 寻找某人或某物/动词词组
13. make a mistake 犯错误/动词词组
14. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事/形容词词组
15. be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事/形容词词组
16. do sth. with a purpose 有目的地做某事/故意做某事/动词词组
17. be interested in sth./sb. 对某人或某物很感兴趣/形容词词组
18. communicate with sb. 与某人交流/动词词组
19. learn from sb. 想某人学习
20. might do well to do sth. 最好做某事
句型：
1. S.+V.+it+adj.+to do sth. 形式宾语句型 n.
e.g. Some people find it difficult to succeed in language learning.
Some people find it difficult to succeed in other fields.
They find it easy to practice using the language regularly.
2. It is +adj.+for sb.+to do sth. 形式主语句型
e.g. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.
It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn for them.
语言点：
1. success（n.）-successful（adj.）-succeed（v.） 成功
2. hundreds of people与 eight hundred people：请注意有数词存在后，表量名词的变化。
3. advice/information 为不可数名次。不能有复数形式。
4. practice doing sth. 练习做某事
5. less than +adj. 不怎么+形容词的含义 如：less than happy 不怎么开心
阅读技巧：
1. conversely
2. on the other hand
这两个词出现时，下文所讲内容将与上文所提内容截然相反。
Text B Language
搭配：
1. with the help of 在什么的帮助下
2. at a table 坐在桌旁（准备就餐）
3. in this way 这样
4. mean to do sth. 本意是想要做某事
5. not at all +adj. 一点也不+相容词的含义
e.g. not at all thirsty 一点也不渴
6. as you see 可见
7. consist of 包括，组成
8. put sth. into sth. 把什么融入什么
句型：
1. not only …but also…不但…而且…
e.g. We can do it not only with the help of words， but also in many other ways.
我们不但可以在语言的帮助下，还可以用其它的方式来告诉别人我们在想什么。
2. neither… nor…既不…也不
e.g. People who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers.
既不能听也局能说的人也可以用他们的手指来彼此交流。
3. each time 每一次（连词：用来连接两个句子）
e.g. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.
每一次服务员给他拿来喝的东西他都摇头。
语言点：
1. mean-meant； shake-shook； meet-met
2. 半系动词后加名词：look sad； keep silent
3. 说语言要用speak
阅读技巧：
for instance 或for example 后的文字是用来支持阐述上面所述文字的。
Text A How to Be a Successful Language Learner？
搭配：
1. disagree with 不同意/动词词组
2. guarantee sth. for sb. 保证某人某事/动词词组
e.g. This will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 这样不能确保每一位学习语言的成年人都成功。
3. be different from 与什么不同/形容词词组
4. succeed in sth./ doing sth. 成功做某事/动词词组
5. offer advice to sb. 给某人建议/动词词组
6. play with sth. 轻松学习某事物/动词词组
7. in many ways 再很多方面/介词词组
8. depend on sb./sth. for sth. 依靠某人或某事而获得某事/动词词组
9. discover one‘’s own way to do sth. 发现并用自己的方法做某事/动词词组
10. instead of sth./ doing sth. 想反/而没有做某事/介词词组
11. wait for sb. to do sth. 等待某人做某事/动词词组
12. look for sth./sb. 寻找某人或某物/动词词组
13. make a mistake 犯错误/动词词组
14. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事/形容词词组
15. be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事/形容词词组
16. do sth. with a purpose 有目的地做某事/故意做某事/动词词组
17. be interested in sth./sb. 对某人或某物很感兴趣/形容词词组
18. communicate with sb. 与某人交流/动词词组
19. learn from sb. 想某人学习
20. might do well to do sth. 最好做某事
句型：
1. S.+V.+it+adj.+to do sth. 形式宾语句型 n.
e.g. Some people find it difficult to succeed in language learning.
Some people find it difficult to succeed in other fields.
They find it easy to practice using the language regularly.
2. It is +adj.+for sb.+to do sth. 形式主语句型
e.g. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.
It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn for them.
语言点：
1. success（n.）-successful（adj.）-succeed（v.） 成功
2. hundreds of people与 eight hundred people：请注意有数词存在后，表量名词的变化。
3. advice/information 为不可数名次。不能有复数形式。
4. practice doing sth. 练习做某事
5. less than +adj. 不怎么+形容词的含义 如：less than happy 不怎么开心
阅读技巧：
1. conversely
2. on the other hand
这两个词出现时，下文所讲内容将与上文所提内容截然相反。
Text B Language
搭配：
1. with the help of 在什么的帮助下
2. at a table 坐在桌旁（准备就餐）
3. in this way 这样
4. mean to do sth. 本意是想要做某事
5. not at all +adj. 一点也不+相容词的含义
e.g. not at all thirsty 一点也不渴
6. as you see 可见
7. consist of 包括，组成
8. put sth. into sth. 把什么融入什么
句型：
1. not only …but also…不但…而且…
e.g. We can do it not only with the help of words， but also in many other ways.
我们不但可以在语言的帮助下，还可以用其它的方式来告诉别人我们在想什么。
2. neither… nor…既不…也不
e.g. People who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers.
既不能听也局能说的人也可以用他们的手指来彼此交流。
3. each time 每一次（连词：用来连接两个句子）
e.g. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.
每一次服务员给他拿来喝的东西他都摇头。
语言点：
1. mean-meant； shake-shook； meet-met
2. 半系动词后加名词：look sad； keep silent
3. 说语言要用speak
阅读技巧：
for instance 或for example 后的文字是用来支持阐述上面所述文字的。
1. be sure of 确保、一定、毫无疑问/形容词词组
2. have a corner in/on sth. 垄断/动词词组
e.g. have a corner on the textile market 垄断纺织市场
have a corner in textile 对纺织品进行垄断
3. lead the world with sth. 以什么来引领世界/动词词组
4. vary in sth. 有差异 e.g. vary in ideas 想法有差异
vary sth. 改变 e.g. vary your attitude 改变你的观点
vary with 随什么而改变
vary from sth./sb. to sth./sb. 什么什么各不相同
e.g. vary from person to person 人人不同 vary from place to place 每个地方各不相同
5. sth. is due. 到了该什么的时间了。e.g. The federal taxes are due. 到了该收税款的时间了
6. be similar to 与什么一样/形容词词组
7. buy sth. for +多少钱/动词词组 e.g. buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents.
8. in addition to sth./doing sth. 除了（表示加的概念）/名词词组
e.g. In addition to teaching， she is in charge of managing the whole school.
In addition to his flat in Chaoyang， he has anther flat in Haidian.
9. in two forms 以两种形式
10. charge on sth. 收取什么的费用 e.g. charge on cars in a city.收取城内汽车的费用。
be charged with 被控诉有某种罪行；be charged by sb. 由某人收取费用
charge for 收取多少价钱e.g. How much do you charge for this car？这辆车你要多少钱？
in charge 负责 e.g. Who is in charge here？ 谁在这负责？
11. raise funds for 为什么筹集资金 eg raise funds for education 为教育筹集资金。
12. complain about sth./sb. 抱怨某人或某事／动词词组；complain of sth. 述说病情
13. spend sth. in doing sth.； spend sth. on sth. 花费时间；金钱；精力做某事／动词词组
14. have different views on sth./sb. 对某人或某事有不同观点／动词词组
15. tend to do sth. 倾向做某事；
16. agree on sth. 同意做某事；agree with sb. 与某人意见一致
语言点：
1. salary工资（n.）-salaried工资的（adj.）
2. a percentage of 表示抽象概念；数字+percent of 表示多少的百分比
3. work表示工作没有复数；works表示工厂或著作
Text B Advertising
语言点：
1. part of某整体中的一部分（可大，可小；但不可分割）；a part of 某整体中很小的一部分
2. on radio/ television 通过收音机/电视
3. sth. is available. 可以提供某物
搭配：
1. attract sb.'s attention 吸引某人注意/动词词组
2. for the most part 很大程度上，在大多数情况下，一般地说/作插入语
3. persuade sb. To do sth. 劝说某人做某事/动词词组
4. put out ads. 做广告/动词词组
5. A is characteristic of B A是B的特征
e.g. Quick speech is characteristic of me. 讲话快是我的特征。
6. catch the eye 吸引某人/动词词组
7. no more than 仅仅 e.g. What he said is no more than rubbish. 他说的话仅仅是垃圾。
8. identify with 把什么和什么联系起来 e.g. It is hard for me to identify his behavior with his thought. 我很难把他的想法和他的行为联系起来。
9. be carried over into 继续下去；遗留下去 e.g. The same techniques have been carried over into television ads. 同样的方法也运用在电视广告中。
10. add sth. to sth.把什么加在什么上／动词词组；mix sth. and sth. 把什么和什么融合在一起
11. put up with 忍耐／动词词组
e.g. How can you put up with a person of his sort. 你怎么能容忍他那样的人？
12. be responsible for sb./sth 为某人或某事负责／动词词组
13. decide on sth.； decide to do sth. 决定（做）某事／动词词组
14. make an estimate of the costs 估计价值／动词词组
15. be involved in sth.／doing 参与某事/动词词组
Text A The Atlantic Ocean
搭配：
1. separate A from B 把某人；或某物分开/动词词组
2. keep sb. from doing sth. 使某人无法做某事；无法做某事/动词词组
3. on the average 平均；below/above the average 在什么的水平以下；上/介词词组
4. furnish sth for sb. 给某人提供某物/动词词组
5. pile up 折起，累计，若干车辆碰在一起/动词词组
语言点：
1. 本课带宾补的动词：make
e.g. make early sailors unwilling to do sth.（宾补）
Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual.
2. 形容词的特殊用法：
It is more than 4000 miles wide.（形容词后置）
On the average the water is a little more than two miles deep.
3. 形容词前有as，so，no，too，how等词时，不定冠词应置于形容词之后，如：
e.g. We couldn't do it in so short a time.
She is too kind a girl to refuse.
Aids is so terrible a disease.
He is too old a man to do that kind of job.
4. suppose +句子=表示一种假设
5. it takes/took +（某人）+多少时间+to do sth. 花了某人多少时间做某事。
It would take the ocean about 4000 years to dry up.
6. much可以用来修饰形容词的比较级。E.g. much better；much deeper.
7. raise为及物动词，后可以加宾语，e.g. raise the pay.（增加工资）；rise为不及物动词（其后不能加宾语），e.g. the sun rises in the east. 注：宾语为名词，代词，动词的-ing.
8. 在一般名词所构成的专有名此前需要加定冠词。
E.g. the Azores 亚苏尔群岛； the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋
9. for用来连接两个句子的时候为并列连词，表原因。
E.g. Here the water is quiet，for there is little wind.
10. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here.主谓一致
11. so … that/ such …that 句型：太…+句子
e.g. We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. 我们现在有太多快速的旅行方式，因此大西洋看起来好像小了很多。
So主要用来修饰形容词或副词；such 则最终需要修饰名词。
12. across为介词或副词，使用它时，句子中应该已有动词。
E.g Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.
Cross为动词，作谓语或跟在动词不定式to 后面。E.g. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.
Text B The Moon
搭配：
1. be kept tied to sth./sb. 离不开某人/紧紧的依附于某物
2. face towards sth./sb. 面向；face away from sth./sb. 背向
3. keep sth./sb. in mind 牢记于心
4. be lighted up by sth. 被什么照亮
5. speak of 提及；说到
6. reflect sth. on to sth. 把什么反射到什么上去
语言点：
1. 半系动词（半系动词后加形容词）：remain/stand/look/appear
2. 世界独一无二的事物前应该加定冠词。如：the earth， the world， the moon
3. except，except for，besides怎么区别？
besides
“除…外，还有…”，指更进一步的拥有，包括所“除”事物在内。
Have you got any clothes besides these？ 除了这些衣服你还有别的吗？
except
不包括所引事物。常与no， none， nothing等否定词或all， everyone， everything等连用，但不可用于句首。
They all went to the Summer Palace except one. 除一人之外他们都去了颐和园。
except for
常指除去所引情况让人稍感遗憾之外，整体情况尚属理想，被除去的事物与正在谈及的事物之间不具有共同属性或性质。
The roads were clear except for a few cars. 除几辆小汽车外，路面很空旷。
4. enough作为副词时修饰形容词放在形容词后，adj.+enough for sb. to do sth. e.g. it is light enough for us to be able to see its outline.
5. 初次接触到带介词定语从句，如：
The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun， but from the earth.
“The old moon in the new moon‘s arms” is nothing but that part of the moon’s surface on which it is night.
There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.
Which代指前面被修饰的名词，翻译时，就把which前的介词放在被修饰的名词前即可。
如：The light by which=by light 通过月光
surface on which=on surface 在月亮上的表面
several ways in which=in several ways 在很多方面
6. 感观动词see的特殊用法：see sb. do sth.或see sb. doing sth. 前者表示看到了全过程，或者表示正在看到的动作。
7. nothing but表示仅仅E.g. The money brought nothing but sadness.这笔钱仅仅带来了痛苦。
1. focus on sb./sth.； be focused on 集中；聚焦；关注/动词词组
a focus of attention 注意力/名词词组
2. at all levels 在各个层次/介词词组
3. make any sense to sb. 对某人来说有意义；某人不明白某事/动词词组
4. make a difference in sth./doing sth. 在什么方面有区别/动词词组
5. ability to do sth. 有能力做某事；注：永远没有ability of doing sth./名词词组
6. keep in random order 顺序混乱/动词词组
7. group sth. into sth. 把什么按什么分组/动词词组
8. as follows 如下所示/副词词组
9. needless to say 毋庸多言/作插入语
10. refer to sth./doing sth. 提到、指的是、参考；refer back to 重提某事；refer sb. to sb. else 让某人去找另外一人 e.g. If he needs any further information， refer him to me. 如果他还需要了解什么情况，让他来找我。注：prefer 更喜欢。
11. relate sth. to/with sth. 把什么和什么联系在一起：可指物或事件。
associate sb./sth. with sb./sth. 把某人或某事联系在一起：特指人。
12. compare A with B 把A和B作比较/动词词组
语言点：
1. a number of 表示许多，后面接可数名词复数；an amount of 后接不可数名词
2. 形式主语句：it is/was +adj.+to do sth.；to do sth.为真正的主语，it为形式主语
e.g. It is useful to know how these principles work.
3. 使役动词：make sb. do sth./ help sb. do sth.
4. Categorizing is another means of organization. 注：动词的-ing做主语；means单复数同型
5. In memorizing a number，you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events.（注意介词后的动词形式）
6. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered.（注意动词不定式后使用被动态是由于item 和remember 之间是被动关系）研究表明当人们被要求用形象的办法来记住东西的时候，各种记忆力都会得到明显的提高。
Text B Short-term Memory
搭配：
1. in contrast 与此相反； 同义词conversely， on the other hand （阅读技巧：下文和上文的完全转折）
2. over and over 一次又一次地/副词词组
3. look up sth. in sth. 在什么中查找，查阅什么/动词词组
4. repeat sth. to oneself 自言自语/动词词组
5. study sth. with sth. 用什么来研究什么/动词词组
6. turn on/turn off the lights 开灯、关灯/动词词组
7. be released from some place 被从什么地方放出/动词词组
8. to begin with 首先，最初/副词词组
语言点：
1. 时态问题：在时间状语、条件状语从句中，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时表示将来。E.g. If someone interrupts you，you will probably forget the number.
2. able-unable
3. Following the recording， the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. 注：Following=after；a 15-question test=a 15 questions'test； a five-year old boy=a five years'old boy
4. relate（联系）-related（相连的）-unrelated（不相关联的）
1. be eager to do sth./be eager for sth. 渴望做某事/动词词组
2. be supposed to do sth. 应该，被认为去做某事；it is supposed that 人们认为
3. be supplied to sb. 把某物提供给某人
4. substitute A for B 用A来替换B/动词或名词词组
5. wash sth. down sth. 用什么来涑下什么/动词词组
6. have to do with/have nothing to with/have much to do with与某人或某事有关/无关/很有关
语言点：
1. 阅读技巧：阅读时间如果很紧张的话，我们可以把两个逗号间的内容省略不看。
2. 使役动词：Eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer. Make后用动词原形；同样make也是可以带宾语补足语的动词，e.g. eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.
Think也可以带宾语补足语。E.g. People thought tomatoes poisonous.
3. may have done sth. 表示对过去的推测e.g. He may have cried yesterday. 他昨天有可能哭了。She may have found a job last week. 她有可能上个星期已经找到工作了。
4. civil（国民的）-civilized（文明的）-civilization（文明）
5. it is/was thought that 有人认为
6. eat-ate（过去时）
7. Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up. Tomato的复数形式需要在词末加es.
Idea grows up. 出现某种观点。
8. 冠词问题：World War II；the Second World War
9. drink-drunk（过去分词）
Text B Do Animals Think？
搭配：
1. a great deal 非常/副词词组，放在动词后；a great deaf of +n.（不可数）大量
2. be true with（of） sb./sth. 什么什么也是真的；如此/动词词组
3. as well 也/副词词组，放在句末
4. be engaged in sth./doing 忙于做某事/动词词组
5. search for 寻找/动词词组
6. in some respects 在一些方面/介词词组
7. take care of 照顾/动词词组
8. make improvement in 在哪方面取得进步
9. by instinct 本能地/副词词组
10. think out 周密考虑/动词词组
11. speak of 说到/动词词组
12. let sb./sth. out 释放/动词词组
13. a variety of 多种多样的/表量词组
14. have no knowledge of sth/sb./doing sth. 对什么人/什么事/做某事一无所知/动词词组
语言点：
1. live（v.）-lively（adj.活泼的）
2. 倒装句：hardworking as they are. 此处的as表示although或though，尽管的意思，但用as时，需要把形容词或副词放在句首+as+顺状语序。该句话翻译成：尽管他们很努力工作。E.g. Although I love you much， I still can't help you. 可以转换成：Much as I love you， I still can't help you. E.g. Though this movie is very moving， I still can't afford time to see it. 可以转换成：Moving as this movie is， I still can't afford time to see it.
3. sober冷静的/严肃的；其比较级是 more sober
4. could have done/could have been done 本可以做或被做的事而没有做。
could not have done/could not have been done 本不可能做或被做的事而作了
5. 主语+is not long in doing sth 做某事不会花很长时间
6. 难句：Many of things that animals know how to do they seem to know either without learning， or in some way which we cannot understand. 词句话为倒装语序，顺装应为：They seem to know many of things that animals know how to do， either without learning， or in some way which we cannot understand. 其中：either…or…表示“要么…要么…” 把此句可以翻译成：它们似乎知道很多动物做事的方法，这些方法要么不是靠学到的，要么就是以我们所不理解的方式知道的。
7. 重要句型：We never see frogs engaged in sport.
The owl always looks as if he were considering some important question.（as if的句型里出现了虚拟语气，由于是对现在的虚拟，所以采用了系动词were的形式）
Now，if he had had his wits about him， he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.（此句为对过去虚拟的句型，原则为if条件句型用助动词had加上动词的过去分词形式，主句用情态动词would等加上have done 的形式；本句第二个had是have one‘s wits 这个词组的动词过去分词形式；另外，此处的there was no use in 后面只能接动词的ing 形式）
Animals think much while building their houses.（此句话为省略句型之所以用building，一方面是因为在时间状语从句里省略了语主句相同的主语animals和系动词are，另一方面是因为animals 可以发出build的动作，所以用主动的doing形式）
They are said to do sth. 据说……
It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dams and huts.（本句话为强调句型；划线部分为强调句型的基本配置，划线部分之间是被强调成分）
The reason why…做某事的原因
It is plain that +从句 很明显
Their minds are so much unlike outs that they do not know the difference between right and wrong. （此句为so …that…句型；unlike为adj.表示不像）
1. change sth. into sth. 把什么变成什么/动词词组
2. exist in 存在于/动词词组
3. mass of 团、堆、块/表量词组
4. become popular with/among sb. 受谁的喜欢，欢迎/动词词组
5. come at a good time 适逢其时/动词词组
6. be running out 渐渐用尽/动词词组
7. handfuls of 成捧的（东西）/表量词组
8. sort out 淘选出/动词词组
语言点：
1. be made from sth.指sth.已看不出原材料（如酒是高粱做的）；be make of sth. 指sth.可以看出原材料（如桌子是木头做的）
2. it is thought that +从句 人们认为
3. good enough for doing sth. 好到可以做某事
4. experience（n./v.）-experienced（adj.有经验的）
5. be classed as 被作为什么而分类/动词词组
6. the former…the latter 前者，后者
Text B The Difference between Plants and Animals
搭配：
1. tell A from B 辨别/动词词组
2. be satisfied with sb/sth./doing sth. 对什么/某人表示满意/动词词组
3. take place 发生（无法阻止的事情）/动词词组
4. lie in 存在于/动词词组
5. live on sth. 靠什么而生存/动词词组
6. work wonders 创造奇迹/动词词组
7. take in the riches 吸取精华/动词词组
8. suck up 吸收，吸取/动词词组
9. be different from 与什么不同
语言点：
1. There are many plants which have neither roots nor leaves nor flowers， while there are some animals which seem to have all three. （neither…nor句型表示两者都不） e.g. People who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers. （并列动词）；My doctor told me I should neither smoke nor drink.（并列动词）；She neither knows nor cares what has happened to her ex-husband. （并列动词）
2. 冠词问题：The blue haze，like smoke，is the dividing line between the heavens and the earth.（世界上独一无二的东西）。
3. You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell. Look at 为感官动词，其后可以加动词原形，也可以用动词的ing形式。用动词原形表明看到了全过程，用动词的ing形式表示看到动作正在进行中。
4. magnify（v.放大）-magnifying glass（adj. 放大镜）
5. puzzle（v.使迷惑）-puzzling（adj.某事/某人/给某人造成了迷惑的情感）-puzzled（adj.自身感到很迷惑）
6. stomach的名词复数形式为stomachs
7. They see many things which most people would fail to see. fail to do sth. 不能做某事
8. 主谓一致问题：分数或百分比后面的谓语动词采用何种形式要看其后紧跟的名词，如所跟名词为可数名词复数，则谓语动词采用复数形式；所跟名词为不可数名词，则谓语动词采用单数形式。是就近原则的一种。E.g. We now know that about one fourth of all the kinds of seaweed are animals.
9. be to do sth. 是将来时的一种，表示命令或计划做某事
10. Animals can live only on what plants have already turned from inorganic to vegetable matter.（以后在名词型从句处做具体讲解）
11. No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth， if the plants had not come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings. （对过去进行虚拟：主句用情态动词+have done， 从句用过去完成时 had done 的形式）
12. It takes up such parts of the soil as are dissolved in the water. （as的句型是特殊的定语从句句型，由于前面出现了such才会采用as 来做定语从句的关系代词；take up 的意思是吸收；本句话的意思为：植物还会吸收能够在水中溶解的部分土壤。）
搭配：
1. descend from 从什么传下来的/动词词组
2. think of…as… 把什么看作是/动词词组
3. far away from 远离/副词词组
4. feeling of belongings 归属感/名词词组
5. with the change 随着变化/介词词组
6. care for 照顾/动词词组
7. split up 裂变，离婚/动词词组
8. talk of 谈及/动词词组
语言点：
1. Having a family simply means having children. （前一个动词的ing形式放在means这个谓语动词前是动名词作主语；后一个动词ing形式放在means 这个谓语动词后是动名词作宾语）
2. No matter+（if， whether， how， what， when， who， where， which等连词）+句子。 表示无论……
3. Every family has a sense of what a family is.
4. industry（n.工业）-industrial（adj.工业的）-industrialize（v.使工业化）
5. increase（增长）这个动词经常用在进行时态中。
6. Most single parents find it very difficult to take care of a family alone，so they soon marry again and form remarried families.（形式宾语句型：主语+谓语+it+n./adj.+to do +其他）
Text B The Changing American Family
搭配：
1. be important to sb. 对某人很重要/动词词组
2. provide for 为谁提供什么/动词词组
3. be expected to do sth. 应该做某事/动词词组
4. take care of 照顾/动词词组
5. work for pay 为了赚钱而工作/动词词组
6. be （not） considered to be/do sth. 被认为是什么，做什么/动词词组
7. make decisions about sth./doing sth. 做什么决定/动词词组
8. working wife 工作的妻子/名词词组
9. help sb. with sth. 帮助某人什么/动词词组
10. in contrast 与此相反/副词词组
11. get ready for 为什么做好准备/动词词组
12. be busy with sth./be busy （in） doing sth. 忙于做某事/动词词组
13. in conclusion 最后/副词词组
14. bring changes to sb/sth… 给某人带来了变化/动词词组
语言点：
1. similar（adj.相似的）-similarly（adv.相似地）——similarity（n.相似）
2. may have done sth. 对过去发生的事情进行推断 e.g. She may have been married. 她有可能已经结婚了。
搭配：
1. At the begging of sth. 在什么的开始/介词词组
2. Change into 转变成/动词词组
3. From…to… 从…到/介词词组
4. Pick up 接收/动词词组
5. Be capable of sth./doing sth. 某人能够胜任某职位；某事有可能做某事/形容词词组
6. In theory 理论上地/副词词组
7. Have access to sth./doing sth. 接触，使用，可接近/动词词组
e.g. You can easily have access to him. 他很好接近。
We have free access to her materials. 我们可以免费使用她的材料。
8. Provide help to people 为人们提供帮助/动词词组
9. Be able to do sth. 能够做某事/形容词词组
10. Follow sb.s instructions on sth. 在什么事上听从某人的意见/动词词组
11. Care for 照顾/动词词组
12. As well as 也/起到连接作用的词组
13. Be a risk to sth./doing sth. 做某事很冒险/名词词组
14. Pay for sth. 为某样物品付款/动词词组
15. Isolate sth./sb. from sth./sb. 市某人/某物与某人或某物隔绝/动词词组
16. Do one's banking 存钱或取钱（银行业务）/动词词组
17. Prevent sth. from sth./doing sth. 阻止某事发生/动词词组
18. Lead sb. to success 引导某人成功；lead to sth./doing sth. 导致/动词词组
语言点：
1. 时态题：By the middle of the century， both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures. By the time of +现在时间状语，用一般现在时；by the time of +将来时间状语，用将来完成时；by the time of +过去时间状语，用过去完成时。
2. Printed materials 印刷材料；isolated areas 荒芜的地区
3. Entertain（v.娱乐）-entertained（adj. 娱乐的）-entertainment（n. 娱乐）
4. In 1975，many people in India saw television for the first time as they watched programs about agriculture and health. （因为）
5. Common的最高级the most common
6. 难句：Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily， but…
make sth. available sth. 是宾语；available 这个adj.是sth. 的宾语补足语
电信可以使全世界的信息使用起来又便捷又容易。
7. Contact为不可数名词，可以用much来修饰，表示许多联系。
8. 翻译：It is important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us.
意识到一项科技既能帮助我们又会伤害到我们，这很重要。
Text B What people Don't Know about Air
搭配：
1. Be important to sb. 对某人来说很重要/形容词词组
2. In order to do sth. 为了做某事/表示目的的动词不定式短语
3. As we know it 正如我们所知道的那样/状语
4. Be forced to do sth. 被迫做某事，不得不做某事/动词词组
5. Seek shelter from 远离，躲避/动词词组
6. Protect sb. from sth./doing sth. 保护某人不受/动词词组
7. Rest upon 依赖，落在什么上/动词词组
8. Gaze at sth./sb. 盯着某人或某物看/动词词组
9. In wonder 惊讶地/副词词组
10. In the meantime 与此同时/副词短语
11. Pay attention to sth./doing sth. 注意某事/动词词组
12. Add sth. to sth. 添加/动词词组
语言点：
1. 虚拟语气：
a. Without air，we could not exist.
b. Without air，there would be no fire.
c. Without air，there would be no wind or clouds.
结论：介词without+名词或代词，主语+could/would +动词原型。表示对现在进行虚拟。
d. If we did not have air，there would be no sound.
e. If we did not have atmospheric pressure， we could not have automobile tires.
f. The tires would burst if they did not have the pressure of the atmosphere against their surfaces.
结论：从句用动词的过去式，主句用could/would+动词原型。表示对现在进行虚拟。
2. 时态题：Sound travels through air. 用现在时的原因表客观事实。
3. 翻译：Where there is no air，there is no sound. 没有空气的地方就没有声音。
4. Deadly（adj.）致命的，e.g. deadly rays 致命的射线
5. But our bodies are built in such a way that this weight does not crush us.
6. 翻译：Electrical energy is collected in the atmosphere as water is collected and stored in a dam. 电能被储藏在大气层里就宛若水被汇集并储藏在大坝里一样。
7. But a thorough study of electricity in the atmosphere was not possible until the development of radio and radar. Not…until…直到什么时候…才
8. Large amounts of +不可数名词，表示大量的
9. Unending adj. 无穷无尽的
搭配：
1. Make up 构成/动词词组
2. Become familiar with sth./become familiar to sb. 对某人/某事很熟悉/形容词词组
3. Stock in trade 库存或常用手段/名词词组
4. Belong to 属于/动词词组
5. At large 逍遥地；一般地/副词词组
The criminals at large 逍遥法外的罪犯
Englishmen at large like to have the afternoon tea. 英国人一般喜欢喝下午茶。
6. Be known to sb. 为某人所知／动词词组
7. Acquaintance with sb./sth. 了解某人或某事/名词词组
8. In…style 以某种方式/介词词组
9. Describe sb./sth. as 把什么看作是，把某人描绘成/动词词组
10. In the first case 首先/副词词组
11. Apply sth. to sth. 把什么应用到什么上去；apply for sth. 申请什么/动词词组
12. Stock of words 词汇量/名词词组
13. As to 至于，有关于，就什么而言/介词词组
14. Be due to 因为/形容词词组
语言点：
1. Cultivated language 文雅的语言；limited class 有限的阶级；learned words 书卷词汇
2. A large number of +可数名词复数，表示大量的
3. Relative（adj.相关的）=relatively（adv.相关地）
4. Educate（v.教育）－educated（adj.有修养的）；elevate（v.升高）-elevated（adj.高贵的、尊严的）
5. High（adj. adv.高的-指某物的具体高度如：楼的高度）-highly（adv.高度的评价，属于抽象概念）
6. Be（适当形式）+of+importance/value/use/help=important/valuable/usable/helpful
7. The difference between popular and learned words may be easily seen in a few examples.
8. Must have done sth. 表示对过去的事情进行推测。E.g. We must have passed several years of our lives before learning the word vivacious.在我们学到vivacious这个单词时，我们有可能已经度过了生命中的好几年了。
9. Popular（adj.流行的）-popularity（n.流行）；sound-（adj.）有道理的
10. Opinions come up 产生观点
11. Its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary conversation.书卷词汇在英语词汇中的存在是因为书籍和文学修养的需要，而不是因为普通对话的需要。
Text B How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary？
搭配：
1. Come across 偶然遇到，碰到/动词词组
2. Look up 查找/动词词组
3. At top speed 快速的/介词词组
4. Depend on sb./sth. 依赖某人或某事
5. After all 毕竟/副词词组
6. Begin with 开始于什么/动词词组
7. Make sense 有意义/动词词组
8. Have a preference for sth./doing sth. 偏爱，优先选择/动词词组
9. Look for 寻找/动词词组
10. Go through 经历/动词词组
11. Come up with 想到（如：某个想法/主意）/动词词组
12. Spark a interest in sth. 激发做某事的某种兴趣/动词词组
13. Be involved in sth. 参与某事/动词词组
14. Lead to 导致/动词词组
15. Develop a habit 养成习惯/动词词组
16. Provide sb. with sth. 为某人提供某事/动词词组
17. Sharpen sb.'s awareness of sth. 提高某人的什么意识/动词词组
语言点：
1. A.When students in a college class were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading，84 percent said，“Look it up in the dictionary.”
B. Suppose someone asks you what the word “fast” means.
2. Make one's efforts most productive 宾补； 使你的努力变得有成效。
3. Reading travel books apparently comes “before” other kinds of reading. 动名词做主语
4. 语法：Only when you go through the mental exercises to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if you're right. 倒装句型
Only+状语+助动词+主语+动词的适当形式+其他
e. g. Only in that way could we solve the problem.
Only when he left did I feel lonely.
5. Heighten（v.提高、升高）heightened（adj.提高的）；increase（v.提高）increased（adj.提高的）
搭配：
1. Seek answers to questions 寻找什么问题的答案（seek的过去式：sought）/动词词组
2. lay aside 搁置（lay的过去式：Laid）/动词词组
3. Be curious about 对什么好奇/形容词词组
4. Take apart （e.g. a watch） 拆散/动词词组
5. Combine sth. with sth. 把什么和什么结合在一起/动词词组
6. Carry out the experiment 完成试验/动词词组
7. Belief in sth./sb. 相信某人或某事/名词词组
8. （there is）an explanation for sth. 解释某事/名词性词组
9. There is a good reason why +句子 这就是为什么的原因
10. Not at all 一点也不/副此词组
11. Regardless of 不管；无论/形容词词组
12. Succeed in sth./doing sth. 成工作某事/动词词组
13. The solutions to problems 问题的解决办法/名词的解决方法
14. In advance 提前/副词词组
15. Adapt sth. to sth. 使什么适应什么/动词词组
16. Make up one's mind 下定决心/动词词组
17. Once and for all 一劳永逸地/副词词组
18. Change in thinking 思想的转变/名词词组
19. Make sth. necessary 事某事很必要/动词词组
20. In the light of sth. 根据，参照，考虑到/介词词组
21. Respect for sth. 对什么的尊敬/名词词组，动词词组
22. The difficulty comes up. 问题产生了
23. Base on sth. 根据什么/动词词组
24. It may take time for sth./sb. to do sth. 做某事花某人多长时间
25. Conditions for sth. 什么的条件/名词词组
语言点：
1. Belief的复数形式为beliefs
2. Well-known/著名的
3. Curious（adj.好奇的）——curiosity（n.好奇）；imagine（v.想象）-imagination（n.想象力）
4. Scientifically minded people 有科学头脑的人
5. In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered. 在对于现象还无法解释的时候，科学的观点是有理由相信迟早这种解释是可以被发现的。
6. This means the ability to（做什么的能力） face the facts as they are（实事求是） regardless of what one has previously thought.
7. Agree（v.同意）-disagreeable（adj.令人讨厌的）
8. The worker in science must face facts whether they are pleasant or unpleasant.
I didn't know whether to laugh or to cry when I heard the news.是…还是…
Whether he succeeds or fails， he has to do his best.
He doesn't know whether she is in Britain or she has gone to France.
9. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.
10. Accept（v.接受）-acceptable（adj.可接受的）
11. Scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.
12. New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted.
13. Continued progress 继续的发展
14. 时态题：There is an experiment on the sprouting of seeds which has been running for more than 50 years.
Text B Solving Problems Scientifically
搭配：
1. Arouse one's curiosity 引起某人的注意/动词词组
2. Result from=arise from 由于/动词词组；result in 导致/动词词组
3. Give clue for doing sth. 为做某事提供线索/动词词组
4. Build a firm foundation for doing sth. 为做某事打下坚实的基础/动词词组
5. Make an inference 做推论/动词词组
6. Turn out to be 结果是/动词词组
7. Check with 与什么相符/动词词组
语言点：
1. Once是连接词，表示一旦。
2. A thoroughly understood problem is well started toward solution. Be well started toward 是什么的良好开端。
3. The development of industry has also brought about large numbers of problems which have to be solved.
4. Related questions 相关问题；unanswered questions 为回答的问题；controlled conditions 被控制的条件
5. Reliable（adj.可信赖的）-unreliable（adj.不可信赖的）
6. Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected， the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis. = If the observations or predictions should turn out to be as expected， the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.
搭配：
1. Do some spring housecleaning 大扫除/动词词组
2. Sort through 分类，整理/动词词组
3. Set out 陈列，展示/动词词组
4. Hold garage sales 在车库买旧货/动词词组
5. Be considered by sb. as sth. 被某人认为作为什么/动词词组
6. Sth. is priced at 某物定价在/动词词组
7. Sb. is fed up with sth./sb.=be turned off 某人厌倦了某人或某物/动词词组
8. Search for 寻找/动词词组
9. Spend 时间 doing sth. 花了多少时间做某事/动词词组
10. Run across 偶然遇到/动词词组
11. Be of great value=valuable 很有价值的
12. Separate sth./sb. from sth./sb. 把什么和什么隔开/动词词组
13. Be bound to do sth. 一定做某事/动词词组
14. Be faced with 面对/动词词组
语言点：
1. Sorting through（分词做状语） their possessions， they came up with（发现） some 1500 old， unwanted items-all sorts of things they wanted to get rid of（摆脱）。
2. The Ericksons 定冠词the+姓氏名称+s：表示一家人
3. The Ericksons decided to do what a lot of other Americans are doing these days-have a'garage sale.
4. Needn't have done sth. 做了一件本不需要做的事
5. Eager buyers bought all but 50 of the items in one weekend， leaving（现分作结果状语） the family $442 richer.
6. The variety of （大量的）things put up（过分作后置定语） for（提供以提供） sale is really wonderful.
7. Rising living costs（生活费用） are considered by almost everyone as a reason both for holding sales and for attending them.
8. Garage sales have become suburban social events， drawing people of all ages.（划线部分为现在分词作状语，之所以用drawing是因为主语Garage sales 可以发出draw吸引的动作）
9. Neighbors enjoy meeting new people. Enjoy这个动词后只能用ving动名词来作宾语。
10. They spend their weekends going from sale to sale， hoping to run across a real treasure（hoping为现在分词作状语，之所以用ving是因为they能发出hope的动词）
Text B American Stores
搭配：
1. a wide range of sth. 很大的范围
2. Be urged to do sth. 被催促作某事/动词词组
3. Sth. is confusing to sb. 什么事情很是令某人迷惑
4. Choose from 从什么中选取/动词词组
5. Specialize in 专长于/动词词组
6. Be likely to do sth. 很可能作某事/形容词词组
7. Refer to 指的是/动词词组（to 是介词）
8. A great quantity of sth.（可数名词） 大量的
9. Be known for sth. 以什么而著名/动词词组
10. Majority of sth. 大多数的
语言点：
1. In the United States you will find yourself being urged（现在分词作宾语补足语） to buy all kinds of goods.
2. Not only 放在句首，需要倒装：
Not only is there a wide range of prices for goods in America， there is also a wide range in the quality of goods offered for sale.
原句：There is not only a wide range of prices for goods in America， there is also a wide range in the quality of goods offered for sale.
Not only are you my teacher， but also you are my friend.
原句：You are not only my teacher， but also you are my friend.
3. Americans generally pay the price of a product without question， instead of trying to get a lower price by bargain.（介词后面需要有动词的ing形式来作介词的宾语）
4. Lower： 可以是adj.的比较级；也可以是v.表示降低
5. This may all be confusing to the visitor. （系动词后是现在分词作表语；之所以用ving是因为我们要考虑这件事情“令人迷惑”）
6. Read the advertisements so that you can compare prices.（so that 是因此的意思，表结果状语从句）
7. They don't offer the same services to buyers that department stores do.（定语从句中缺宾语可以用that）
8. Limit（v.限制）-limited（adj.受限的）；expensive——inexpensive
9. Usually run by a small number of salespeople， these shops offer products that range from inexpensive to very expensive， depending on the shop.
10. One of the most interesting sections to visit is the frozen food section.（过分作定语）
搭配：
1. Get into a discussion with sb. 与某人探讨/动词词组
2. What for？ 为什么
3. Be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事/形容词词组
4. Quarrel with sb. 与某人争吵/动词词组
5. Sb./sth. is regarded as 某人/某事被认为/动词词组
6. Arrive at sth. 得出结论/动词词组
7. Apply to 应用于/动词词组
8. Begin with 开始于/动词词组
9. Amounts of+不可数名词 大量的
10. That is to say 也就是说
11. Along with sth./sb. 还有某人或某事
12. Divide up 分开/动词词组
13. According to（介词） 根据
14. Be based on 根据/动词词组
15. Be influenced by 被什么影响/动词词组
16. Ought to do sth. 应该作某事/动词词组
17. To the best of one's ability 尽某人最大的努力（插入语）
18. Be guided by 被什么引导/动词词组
19. Be bound by sth. 由什么注定
语言点：
1. It is widely believed that +从句=人们普遍相信
2. Existing dictionary 现存字典
3. When the sorting is completed， there will be for each word anywhere from two or three to several hundred quotations， each on its card.
4. To define（动词不定式表目的） a word， the dictionary editor places before him the stack of cards illustrating（现在分词放在名词后，作后置定语） that word.
5. The editor cannot be influenced by what a given （过分作定语，表示已给出的）word ought to mean.
Text B Reading Provides Necessary Survival Skills
搭配：
1. With the coming of sth. 随着什么的到来
2. Emphasis on 强调/名词词组
3. Cue in 提供启示；告诉/动词词组
4. Wander out of （boredom） 因为什么（如：烦恼）而走神儿
5. Keep up with 跟上/动词词组
6. At the top speed 以最快的速度
7. Concentrate on 集中精力/动词词组
8. Be built on 以什么为基础
9. Skip over 掠过/动词词组
10. Key to sth. 什么的方法/名词词组
11. Be alert to 留意/机警/形容词
12. Add to sth. 附加/动词词组
13. Be a great help to doing sth./sth. 对什么有帮助
14. Reward with 给予回报/动词词组
语言点：
1. Many people would have（这里的have不是有的意思，而是使、让得意思；us在逻辑上能发出believe的动作，所以后面的believe用动词原型） us believe that we are moving rapidly away from reading as a necessary life skill.
2. Printed word 打印出来的字
3. For adults， reading（动名词作主语） is day to day， either a stumbling block （绊脚石）or（或者…或者） a smooth path to （通往什么的道路）pleasure and opportunity.
4. The purpose of scanning is to get a quick understanding of what to expect from the reading，so that （因此）you will know what you are reading as you go along.
5. Nothing…more than…没有什么比什么更怎样了
Nothing hurts concentration more than reading too slowly.
6. The more（形容词/副词比较级）…the more…（形容词、副词比较级）表示越怎样就越怎样
The more（much的比较级） words you are familiar with， the less（little的比较级） you are aware of reading words and the more you are aware of content and meaning.
7. Pause for a moment on each new word and let（使役动词后用动词原形） it register in your mind.
8. What happens with this method（主语从句中缺主语指物用what） is that you will see the word again and again.（表语从句中不缺任何成分用that）
9. Have an impression of sb./sth. 对…某人或某物产生了很强的影响/动词词组
搭配：
1. Be interested in 对什么感兴趣/动词词组
2. Feel disturbed by 被什么打扰/动词词组
3. Be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事
4. Be of help=helpful 有帮助的
5. On guard 警惕/介词词组
6. In effect 事实上
7. Pay for sth. 为某物付款/动词词组
8. Sth. reminds sb. that+从句 某事使某人想起
9. Depend on sb./sth. 依赖某人或某事/动词词组
10. Look sth. in the face 正视某事/动词词组
语言点：
1. Enjoy后面必须接动词的doing形式，如：enjoy visiting sb.
2. Our rational minds recognize the many unfortunate events that can occur，but in our hearts we hope that wee might be spared.（容易出翻译句）
3. Yet these three reasons for not discussing（动名词作介词后的宾语，否定词应该放在动名词前面）insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.
4. Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance.（本句话为倒装句，因为否定词neither被放在句首，这种倒装句的语序是neither+助动词+主语+动词的适当形式+其他）
5. Although insurance can be complex，its basic concepts are neither difficult nor impossible to learn.
Text B What Is Money and What Are Its Functions？
搭配：
1. Be familiar with 与什么事情很熟悉/形容词词组
2. Search for 搜索/动词词组
3. Be accepted as 被接受成为/动词词组
4. Serve as a standard to sth. 作为衡量什么的标准
5. Respond to sth. 反映某事
6. In terms of sth. 就什么而言
7. Be conscious of 意识到
8. Be converted to 被转换成/动词词组
9. ociate with 把什么和什么相连
语言点：
1. Deferred payment 延期付款；accepted medium 可接受的；工人的中介
2. Convenient 方便的；inconvenient 不方便的
3. Purchasing power 购买力
“Frankly， I think you're boring.” Why do we seldom hear people speak so honestly？
本句翻译：“公开跟你讲，我觉得你很讨厌。”为什么我们几乎听不到人们会这样非常直来直去的讲话呢？
seldom 很少，几乎不
Unless you want to end a relationship， you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.
本句翻译：除非你要终止与对方的关系，要不然你不会跟对方说出你对她或他有这种不好的想法。
unless （conj.）除非；如果不
For example： I shall go there unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我将去那里。
You will fail unless you work harder. 你若不更加努力，你就会失败。
end （finish）结束
Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps， yawning when a golfer tells you about that great shot he made on the 14th hole， or falling asleep when friends show pictures from their last trip to Sault Ste. Marie are all things that educated people try not to do.
本句翻译：对你的朋友集邮的成就无动于衷；当一个高尔夫球手兴兴高采烈地告诉你，他的第14穴打得很精彩时，你却在打哈欠；当你的朋友们兴致勃勃地给你看他们最近到苏圣玛丽去旅游拍下的那些照片时，你却酣然入睡了——这一切都是有教养的人所尽力避免的。
三个并列的动名次短语做句子的主语failing to be impressed…， yawning…， falling asleep…
failing to be impressed 没有记住…
yawning 打哈欠
falling asleep 睡觉
This is what manners are about： acting in a civilized way to avoid misunderstanding， friction， and conflict.
本句翻译：一切行动都按市民能接受的懂礼貌的方式去做，避免误会，避免磨擦，避免冲突——这才是合乎礼貌的言行举止（注：高尔夫球，海外华人称“穴”，国内称“洞”——译者注）。
manners 行为方式
in … way 以某种方式
There are no laws enforcing respect.
本句翻译：根本就没有强迫你来尊敬别人的那种法律。
Yet we cannot interact with others without some rules of behavior， rules that are set by some form of social consensus.
本句翻译： 可是，如果没有一定的道德行为的准则，人们互相间就无法交往了。这些准则是以社会上一致赞成的公德的形式确定下来的。
interact with others 彼此交流，彼此交往
without some rules… 相当于一个条件状语从句的否定式
These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable.
本句翻译： 这些道德行为准则代表着大多数人所能接受的和他们认为所不能接受的做法。
Rude people are those whose behavior shows little respect for the rules that the majority follow.
本句翻译：那些行为举止根本不尊重大多数人所遵守的规则的人都是粗野的人。
Show respect for 对…表示出尊重
follow 遵守，遵循
For instance， because they talk at home while the television is on， many people think they can talk at movies as well.
本句翻译：例如，因为许多人在自己家里一边看电视一边高谈阔论，他们就认为在电影院看电影时也可以高声喧哗。
for instance： for example 例如
on： go on 进行
They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience.
本句翻译：他们甚至没意识到，这种习惯会使其他一些电影观众感到讨厌。
be aware that：意识到
members of the audience 观众
member 成员
Restaurants have smoking and non-smoking sections， and most smokers are polite enough to ask， “Do you mind if I smoke？” before lighting up.
本句翻译：饭店里都设有吸烟室和非吸烟区，大多数烟民在没点着香烟之前，都会很有礼貌的问一声在旁边就座的人：“我吸烟的话，您介意吗？”
non- 没有，无
before lighting up 点燃
Restaurants should also have cellular-phone and no-cellular-phone sections.
本句翻译：饭店里本来也都应该设有手提电话区和非手提电话区。
A new class of rude people has been born： the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.
本句翻译：现在又冒出来一群新的粗野人，即看我有多神气地打着手提电话的一族。这些人在电话上的那些无聊的谈话，对我们心理健康的危害，和吸烟对我们的肺部健康的危害是同样严重的。
class 阶层，群体
look-at-me 看看我
Sometimes， it is better to remain unknown than to make people hate you.
本句翻译：有时，做一个默默无闻的人倒比让人恨你、讨厌你更好一些。
There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable.
本句翻译：有很多人家的子女和一些小青年的行为是一般人所不能接受的。
They swear no matter who is around them， they listen to their Walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.
本句翻译：他们动不动就开口骂人，也不管旁边有什么人在场。在教师同他们谈话时，他们还在听他们的随身听所播放的节目。
no matter不管/不论（后可跟who， when， where， how 等疑问代词或疑问副词引导的从句）
For example： No matter who you are， you should follow the guideline. 不管你是谁，你都应当遵守这个规则。
I am bound to work out the problem no matter how difficult it is. 不管这个问题有多难，我一定要把它解决掉。
Indifferent parents who refuse to discipline their children are not helping them.
本句翻译：凡是那些不能用行为道德准则来约束自己的孩子，对孩子的品德漠不关心的父母，其实并不是在爱护孩子，对孩子的成长没好处。
discipline： punish 惩罚
Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.
本句翻译：凡是不懂礼貌为何物的孩子，是迟早要为此付出代价的。
kid 小孩子
have no idea： don't know 不知道
For example： He has no idea what his future will be. 他不知道自己的未来是个什么样子。
pay the price 付出代价
For example： You will pay the price for what you have done. 你要为你所做的事情付出代价。
sooner or later 迟早
For example： If you drive like that， you will have an accident sooner or later. 你如果那样开车，迟早会出事的。
When they join the work force， their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.
本句翻译：在他们参加工作以后，他们的雇主和在工作中与之打交道的那些人都会一致意识到这些粗野的青年人的所作所为都和野兽的行为很接近，而不像规规矩矩的市民。
associate： colleague 同事
close （to） （adv.）接近于，靠近
When they lose a few contracts because they talk with their mouth full， or when they say “Bob” to someone who should be “Mr.Johnson，” these grown-up kids， because of their ignorance， will never understand why others are getting ahead and they are not.
本句翻译：当这些已经变成了成人的大小伙子，因为跟领导谈话时嘴里还嚼着食物，或者因为他们没大没小，把本应尊称为“约翰逊先生”的人，随便直呼其名为“鲍博”，这样几次被解除了合同之后，他们永远也不能理解为什么别人都跑到自己前头飞黄腾达，而自己却不能。
they talk with 该句型结构为：with +（n.）+（a.）构成的独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示伴随。（名词后除可用形容词外，还可用分词<现在分词和过去分词>、介词短语和副词。）
For example： He likes sleeping with his eyes open. 他喜欢睁着眼睛睡觉。
I won't be able to study abroad with my mother’s being ill. 在我母亲生病的情况下我不能出国留学。
He worked with the radio opened all the afternoon. 他一下午都听着收音机工作。
He was looking on with his hands in his pockets. 他把手插在口袋里在一旁观看。即：袖手旁观。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他穿着所有的衣服躺在床上。即：和衣而卧。
because of （介词短语）= because （连词）
For example： The football match was cancelled because of rain. 由于下雨足球比赛被取消了。
→The football match was cancelled because it rained.
get ahead 有进展；有进步；取得成功
For example： I'm happy to hear that you are getting ahead with your new work. 听说你的新工作取得进展，我很高兴。
grown-up 长大了的孩子
Every little bit of kindness helps.
本句翻译：每当你表现出一点点和蔼可亲都会很有帮助。
little bit of 一点点
With manners， the best rule is the one that works.
本句翻译：至于说有礼貌，最好的一条原则就是能办成事，能起好作用。
work （v.）起作用，产生影响，行得通
For example： The medicine worked. 药物奏效了。
It is easier to look and sound attractive when we are nice to other people.
本句翻译：当我们对待别人很友善，那么就比较容易地让人愿意接近你，愿意听你的话。
be nice to sb. ： be kind to sb.
Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge.
本句翻译：待人彬彬有礼，事事尊敬别人就能使我们占优势。
give sb. an/the edge 比…略胜一筹，领先
For example： He has the edge on the other students because he studies harder. 他比别的学生强，因为他学习更努力。
Why do we need an edge？ Success in life often starts with a job we like， and since getting a job is usually based on making the right impression， it is always a good idea to be kind and polite.
本句翻译：我们要占优势干什么？一个人一生事业的成功经常是始于我们所喜欢的工作，而要得到自己所喜欢的工作，经常要靠给人留下良好的印象。待人和蔼可亲彬彬有礼总是上策。
edge： advantage 优势
start with： begin with 由…开始
since 由于…
be base of 以…为基础
make a impression 留下印象
makes the right impression （right 好的，正常的）
Vocabulary Exercises
Ⅰ。For each sentence， fill in the blank with the proper form or the words given at the beginning. Please pay attention to the part of speech of each word.
1. honest （诚实的） honesty（诚实） honestly（诚实地）
a. （Honesty） is the best policy.
本句翻译：诚实是最重要的原则。
b. I didn't tell anyone， （honestly）， I didn’t.
本句翻译：我没有告诉任何人，坦白的说，我真的没有。
c. To be （honest） with you， he often speaks evil of you behind your back.
本句翻译：实话对你说，他经常在你的背后说你的坏话。
2. understand （<v.>理解，明白） misunderstand（<v.>误解） misunderstanding（<n.>误解）
a. I cannot （understand） why he shows no respect for the rules the majority follows.
本句翻译：我不明白为什么他对于大多数人所遵守的那个规则从来都不尊重。
b. We should do everything possible to clear up the many （misunderstandings） between us.
本句翻译：我们应当尽一切可能来清除我们之间的误解。
c. He is not happy because his wife always （misunderstands） him.
本句翻译：他过的并不开心因为他的夫人经常会误解他。
3. accept（<v.>接受） acceptable（能接受的） unacceptable（不能接受的）
a. She received a gift from him， but she didn't （accept） it.
本句翻译：她收到男孩子给她的一份礼物，但是她没有接受这份礼物。
b. He is angry with her because her words are totally （unacceptable）。
本句翻译：男孩对于女孩非常愤怒，因为女孩所说的话令他完全不能接受。
c. If you think the plan is （acceptable）， you should do it according to the plan right now.
本句翻译：如果你认为这个计划是可行的，那么你就应当马上根据这个计划去实施。
right now 立刻，马上
4. different （不同的） difference（<n.>不同） indifferent（冷漠的，不关心的）
a. I'm （indifferent） to whether you go or stay. To be honest with you， I don’t care.
本句翻译：我对于你去还是留根本就不关心。老实对你说吧，我不在乎。
care 在意，在乎
b. There are big （differences） between the two languages.
本句翻译：在这两种语言之间有很大的区别。
c. She is wearing a （different） dress every time I see her.
本句翻译：每次我见到她，她都穿着不同的服装。
every time 每一次
5. employ （<v.>雇佣） employer（<n.>雇主） employment（<n.>职业，工作） employee（<n.>雇员）
a. The factory is going to （employ） 20 more workers.
本句翻译：这家工厂准备再雇用20名工人。
b. He left his hometown to look for （employment） in a big city.
本句翻译：他离开家乡到大城市去寻求工作。
c. She has been working for the same （employer） for 20 years.
本句翻译：她已经为这个雇主工作了20年。
d. The total number of office （employees） almost doubled.
本句翻译：这家公司总的员工的数目几乎已经翻一倍。
Ⅱ。 Fill in the following blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.
1. He told me he didn't like that （boring） job.
本句翻译：他告诉我说他不喜欢那份乏味的工作。
2. We'll need a few （guidelines） before we start this project.
本句翻译：在没开始这个项目之前我们需要有一些规则。
3. It is a great （kindness） for you to see me while I am sick.
本句翻译：我生病的时候你来看我，你真是太好了。
→ It is greatly kind of you to see me while I am sick.
for sb. to do 对于某人来说做某事
4. Don't （bother） you father， he is busy at working .
本句翻译：不要打扰你的父亲，他在忙于工作。
5. The old man told her how to get there although she wasn't very （polite） to him.
be polite to sb. 对某人彬彬有礼
本句翻译：虽然这个女孩对老人不是太有礼貌，但是老人仍然告诉她如何到达那里。
6. （Frankly） speaking， I don't think the plan will work.
本句翻译：坦率地说，我觉得那个计划行不通。
7. His speech left a deep （impression） on us.
Leave/make an impression on sb. 给某人留下印象
本句翻译：他的讲话给我们留下了很深的印象。
8. I （swear） that I will tell you everything some day.
本句翻译：我发誓有一天我会把一切事情都告诉你。
9. Everyone praises the children's good （behavior）。
本句翻译：每个人都表扬了孩子的良好行为。
10. It's （rude） to point at people when you are talking with them.
point at sb. 指着…
本句翻译：当你和其他人谈话的时候你去指着别人这是不礼貌的。
Text B Why We Walk in Circles
in 以什么样的方式
“Pin the Tail on the Donkey” is always fun when you're watching rather than pinning.
本句翻译：观看别人做“去把尾巴给毛驴安上”的游戏，比自己亲自去做更逗人。
pin （v.）用图钉钉
rather than 而不是…
donkey 驴
as stubborn as donkey
It is somewhat surprising to see how the blindfolded performers act.
本句翻译：看到了被蒙住眼睛的参加游戏表演的人所走的路线着实有点儿让人吃惊。
somewhat 有一点儿
1. It is +（a.）+（for sb.）<有时可省略掉> to do
For example： It is difficult to have a good job if you don't study hard to create opportunities.如果你不努力学习创造机会的话，有一份好的工作是很难的。
Instead of going straight， they always wander off to one side or the other. The greater the distance to the donkey， the farther they go astray.
本句翻译：他们都不走直线，总是要由一边偏离到另一边。参加游戏比赛的人距离毛驴越远，他们偏离目标毛驴也越远。
2. instead of /instead
wander off 徘徊，游离
Have you ever wondered why they are unable to walk straight ahead？
本句翻译：你有没有想过为什么他们不能够径直向前行呢？
wonder 迷惑，疑惑
It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.
本句翻译：一个人若不用眼睛来掌握走路的方向，就会走成一个大圈。这一事实是众所周知的。
Dark nights， dense fogs， blinding snowstorms， thick forests - all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going.
本句翻译：每遇到漆黑的夜晚，浓浓的大雾，伸手不见五指的暴风雪，浓密森林——这一切都会使路上的行人看不见是在往哪个方向走。
thick forests 茂密的森林
3. keep … from … 阻止，防止，阻碍
protect from
prevent from
其中的“from”多有“使…不能”的意思
（1）keep sb from sth/doing使某人不能做某事
（2）keep oneself from doing克制自己不要去做某事
For example： The church bells keep me from sleeping. 教堂的钟声吵得我睡不着觉。
She could hardly keep （herself） from laughing. 她忍不住大笑起来。
Then he is unable to move in any fixed direction， but walks in circles.
本句翻译：这时他就不能按既定的目标前进，只能走成一个大圆圈。
4. in…direction 朝…方向
Animals act the same way.
本句翻译：动物也会这样。
fixed固定的，既定了的
You have probably heard the saying “running around like a chicken with its head cut off.”
本句翻译：你也许听过这样一句老话：“像砍掉脑袋的鸡一样转着圈跑。”
with +（n.）+V的过去分词构成的独立结构，在句中作状语。
Well， a chicken with its head cut off actually does run around in circles. Blind birds fly in circles. And a blindfolded dog will swim in circles.
本句翻译：是的，一只被砍掉了脑袋的鸡确实会转着圈跑的。瞎了眼睛的鸟也都是转着圈飞的。一双被蒙住了眼睛的狗也会转着大圈游泳。
A Norwegian biologist， F.O.Guldberg， decided that this problem of circular movement was worth investigating. He collected many true stories on the subject.
本句翻译：一位挪威的生物学家哥尔柏格认为绕圈运动的问题确实值得调查研究。关于这一课题他汇集了很多实际事例。
worth 值得
be worth doing 值得做某事
For example： The textbook is worth reading again and again. 课本值得一读再读。
On the subject ：on关于
5. be worth + v.ing
One of his stories is about people rowing on a lake during a fog on a dark night.
本句翻译：他汇集的实例之一就是在一个浓雾黑夜里，人们在湖面上划船。
during 在一段时间里
One group of rowers who tried to cross three miles of water in foggy weather never succeeded in reaching their goal.
本句翻译：在大雾的天气里，一帮想要横渡三英里的水面的划船手永远也不能成功地划到他们的目的地。
cross 横穿
6. succeed in 成功做了一件事情→（反义）fail to do
Without knowing it， they rowed in two large circles. When they finally got to the shore， they discovered that they were at the spot they had started from.
本句翻译：不知不觉地，他们都把船划行路线划成两个大圈。在他们上个岸后，才发现又划回到了他们原来出发的地点。
without knowing 不知不觉地
shore 河岸，海岸线
After studying many stories such as this， Professor Guldberg wrote an article in which he discussed “Circular Motion is the Basic Motion of Animals.”
本句翻译：在研究过很多诸如此类的实际经历之后，哥尔柏格教授写了一篇题为《动物的基本运动模式是圆周运动》的论文。
study 研究
A simple example will help you to understand his explanation of why we walk in circles.
本句翻译：一个很简单的例子，就可以帮助你弄明白他的论点：为什么我们会走成两个大圆圈。
Have you ever wound up a toy automobile and started it off across the floor？
本句翻译：你有没有把一辆玩具汽车上好发条以后，把它放到地板上让它从头跑到那头的经历？
7. wind up给…上发条
Then you know that it will rarely travel in a straight path. It will travel， instead， in some kind of arc， or curve.
本句翻译：那么，你就会知道小汽车几乎很少顺着直线跑，而是以弧线或者曲线的方式前行。
If it is to travel in a straight line， the wheels on both sides have to be of exactly equal size.
本句翻译：如果你想要这辆小汽车以直线的方式前行的话，那么小汽车两侧的轮子就必须是同等大小。
equal 相等
If they are not， the little automobile turns toward the side with the smaller wheels.
本句翻译：车两侧的轮子，如果它们大小不是相等的话那么这个小汽车将会转向轮子更小的那一侧。
Circular movement in walking is caused in much the same way.
本句翻译：步行时绕大圆运动的规律在很大程度上是由同一原理引起的。
cause 导致
in … way 以什么样的方式
7. much the same 不完全相同，差不多一样，几乎一样
For example： He is living condition is much the same as that five years ago.他现在生活状况和五年前差不多没有什么变化。
Usually a man walking will “watch his step” and “look where he is going.”
本句翻译：通常一个人走路时会看着脚下所踩的步子，会看着所要去的方向。
watch his step （口语化的说法）注意脚下
look where he is going 看着前方
a man walking
（1）通常情况下，单个的分词作定语的在名词的前面；分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后。
For example： He often helps his working wife at home. 他在家中经常帮助他工作的妻子。
Who is the lady standing by the door？ 站在门口的那位女士是谁？
（2）有时，单个的分词放在名词后作定语，具有较强的动词意义，其作用相当于一个从句。
For example： Atomic energy is the greatest source of energy existing. 原子能是现存的最大的能源。
They decided to change the material used. 他们决定改变所用的材料。
He needs his senses， especially his eyes， to get to the point he intends to reach.
本句翻译：一个人需要用他们的各种器官，特别是要用两只眼睛，才能走到他打算要去的地点。
8. intend to do 想要/打算/计划做某事
For example： What do you intend to do today？ I intend to go out for a walk. 你打算今天做什么？我今天打算出去散步。
When he cannot use his eyes to guide his steps， he will walk straight only if he takes a step of the same length with each foot.
本句翻译：只有当一个人的两只脚所迈出的每一步的长短都完全相同时，这个人才可以不用眼睛来引导脚步而能够顺着一条直线往前走。
In most people， however， muscle development is not the same in both legs， so that it is probable that the steps will be uneven.
本句翻译：但是，在绝大多数人左右两腿肌肉的发育并不是一样的，结果很可能左右两脚所迈的步子长短是不一致的。
so that 因此…引导是结果状语从句
The difference may be so small that no one is aware of it. But small as it is， it can cause circular movement.
本句翻译：迈步子长短的差距是非常小的，以致于没有人会意识到这一微小的差距。尽管这个差距很小，但结果却导致了圆周运动。
9. as / as though
small as it is “是as/as though 引导的让步状语从句，此时从句应倒装（部分倒装），其结构为”形容词/名词/动词）+as （though）+主+谓
（a.）（n.）（v.）+as/as though + s + v
For example： Pretty as she is， she is not clever.她虽然很漂亮但是不聪明。
Child as he is， he has to make a living.虽然他是一个孩子，但是他必须去谋生。
Try as he would， he might fail again.尽管还有可能再试着去做，但是他还是有可能失败。
注：若从句的表语是n.，其名词前不加任何冠词。
Let us suppose that a man's left foot takes a step 20 inches long and that his right foot takes a step 30 inches long.
本句翻译：我们假定某一人的左脚迈一步是20英寸长，右脚迈一步是30英寸长。
Now suppose he takes ten step - five with his left foot and five with his right.
本句翻译：现在假设这个人迈了十步——左脚迈五步，右脚也迈五步。
His left foot will travel 100 inches. His right foot will travel 150 inches.
本句翻译：他的左脚总共走了100英寸，他的右脚总共走了150英寸。
travel 运行，前行
This sounds impossible. One foot cannot remain 50 inches behind the other.
本句翻译：这听起来让人觉得不可能。因为一只脚不可能落后于另一只脚五十英寸。
What really happens？
本句翻译：到底是怎么回事呢？
At each step the man turns a little bit to the left.
本句翻译：每迈一步这个人就稍微向左转了一点点。
Sooner or later he makes a complete circle.
本句翻译：迟早，他会走成一个大圆圈。
The tracks of his feet， however， make two circles， one inside the other.
本句翻译：于是他的两只脚所走过轨迹就形成了两个圆圈，一个圆圈在另一的内部。
track 足迹，脚印
His left foot makes the smaller circle because it is taking larger steps.
本句翻译：他的左脚所走的圈比较小，因为右脚的每一步都大一点。
This is why a person may walk in an arc when he sets out in a straight line.
本句翻译：这就是一个人在出发时本来是想走的直线，结果却走成了一条弧线的原因。
The muscles of a man's arms are no more identical than the muscles of his legs.
本句翻译：一个人的两只胳膊肌肉的发育和他的两只腿的肌肉的发育也是不同的。
10. no more（…）than…仅仅；不过/和…一样都不
For example： He is no more than an employee. 他仅仅是一名员工。
He is no more able to operate computer than I am. 他和我一样都不会用计算机。
This explains why the rowers who set out to cross the lake at night rowed in a circle.
本句翻译：这足可以说明这些在夜间出发去横渡湖面的划船手把船划行的路线划成了一个大圆圈的道理。
By the same rule， a bird's wings do not develop evenly， and so it will fly in circles when blinded.
本句翻译：同理，鸟的左右两个翅膀的发育也是不均衡的，所以如果它的眼睛瞎了以后，也会绕圆圈飞行。
by the same rule 同理
Thus， dear readers， our circular mystery has a very straight answer.
本句翻译：由此可见，亲爱的读者，这就是我们的圆圈运动之迷的最直截了当的答案。
circular 圆圈的
straight 直线的；直接的
On one hand， from the word itself， we can see that one is “circular”， the other is “straight”， the two words are in contrast with each other； on the other hand， the circular mystery has been thought for a long time and tested again and again； however， the answer is absolutely certain. So， both of the two words are used in double senses， creating a special effect.
本段翻译：这是从字面意思来看一个是圆的，一个是直的，他们之间是相对的两个词，另外一个方面说有关圆圈之谜，被大家思考了很久的时间了，一次又一次地进行实验，而最终得到的答案却是一目了然的事情，这样一来，两个单词被在一起使用一语双关，产生了一种独特的效果。
Vocabulary Exercises
Ⅰ。Supply a word that you have learned in Text B. The first letter is given.
1. The full moon has a （circular） form.
本句翻译：全月它有一个圆的外形。
2. If there were no friction， an object in （motion） would never come to a rest.
本句翻译：如果没有摩擦力，那么一个在运动的物体永远也不会停下来。
come to a rest 停下来
3. The road is not straight. You should drive slowly when you come to a （curve）。
本句翻译：这条路不太直。当你到路的转弯处时一定开的慢一点。
curve 弯曲，转弯处
4. The economic development in the country is （uneven）： some areas are highly developed； while some other areas are rather underdeveloped.
本句翻译：这个国家经济发展不均衡：有一些地区是高度发达地区；而其它一些地区是相当落后。
5. The fingerprints of no two persons are （identical）。
本句翻译：任意两个人的指纹都是不同的。
identical 同样的，一样的
6. When the tree fell in the snowstorm， it （pined） him to the ground.
本句翻译：当这棵大树在暴风雨中倒下来时，它把这个男士压在了地面上。
7. It is（well-known）that money serves a variety of functions.
本句翻译：众所周知，钱有很多种功能。
8. The engineers are thoroughly （investigating） the causes of the gas explosion.
本句翻译：工程师们正在彻底调查有关煤气爆炸的原因。
9. The flower show was （intended） primarily for commercial purpose.
本句翻译：这次花展首先是为了商业上的目的才运行的。
10. I've made a mistake， though I didn’t （intend） to.
本句翻译：虽然我不愿意犯错误，但是我还是犯了错误。
搭配：
1. Exposure to 暴露于；接触到e.g. exposure to violence 接触到暴力
2. Have effects on sb./sth. 对某人/某事有影响；affect 为动词；effect 为名词
3. Point out 指出
4. Distinguish sth./sb. from sth./sb. 区别某事或某人
5. Tend to do sth. 倾向去做某事
6. Make better sense of sth./sb. 更好的理解某人或某事
7. Apply sth. to sth. 把什么应用在什么上
8. Make sb. guilty 让某人很内疚
9. As an alternative to sth./doing sth. 作为什么的替换
语言点：
1. Between 1982 and 1986， the amount of television time allocated（过去分词作后置定语） each week to（把什么分配给某人，尤指时间） violent programs increased significantly.
2. Given（考虑到） the amount of time that children watch television， it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
3. Recover 恢复（v.）； recovery 恢复
4. Realistic 现实的（adj.）； unrealistic 不现实的（adj.）
5. Children naturally often want the toys shown（过去分词shown做toys的宾语补足语，表是被上演） on and advertised during these programs.
6. Imitate 模仿（v.）； imitative （adj.）
7. Imagine 想象（v.）； imaginative （adj.）
8. Children simply imitate the behavior observed during the program， thus undermining （现在分词做结果状语， 表示破坏）both the imaginative and the expressive functions of play.
9. Appear to be +形容词；e.g. appear to be crazy 好像疯了一样
10. It would be a good idea to control his viewing.（动名词观看电视作宾语）
11. Controlling viewing（动名词作主语） is easier to do during the preschool years than during the school years， so you should initiate a pattern of restricted television watching now.
12. Help your child to interpret what she sees-to think of explanations for the events depicted（过分作后置定语，表示被描述的）and to imagine how the show is put together.
13. Violent 暴力的；nonviolent 非暴力的
Text B Why Don‘t Girls Think Like Boys？
搭配：
1. Be better at sth./doing sth. 擅长做某事
2. According to 根据
3. On the average 平均地
4. Show ability in sth./doing sth. 有做某事的能力
5. Be determined by sb./sth. 有什么（人）决定
6. Have an advantage 有什么优势
7. Keep close to sb. 与某人亲密
8. Insist upon doing sth. 坚持做某事
语言点：
1. 时态题：In recent studies， young babies have been observed and tested to discover how different abilities are developed.
2. Thinking ability 思维能力
3. The baby，while seated（不能用seating） on its mother‘s lap， watches a “show” on a small theater stage.
4. Girls immediately become excited（用ed是因为这是人内心的情感，如果给别人造成某种影响应该用ing的形式） and begin to make noises that sound like language.
5. Seem后面只能用to do 的形式
6. But what have the boys been doing（现在完成进行时，表示动作持续） in the years before starting school？
7. It has long been assumed that +从句（长期以来，人们认为）
8. Require doing sth. 要求做某事
搭配：
1. pend 时间/金钱/经历on sth./doing sth. 花时间、金钱、经历做某事
2. Emphasis on sth. 强调什么（名词词组）
3. Associate sb./sth. with sb./sth. 把什么与什么联系在一起
4. Take place 发生
5. Enable sb. to do sth.
6. Benefit from 受益于
7. Advantage 优势（n.）； disadvantage 劣势（n.）
8. Be encouraged to do sth. 被鼓励去做某事
9. Pay attention to sb./sth./doing sth. 注意
10. As a result of sth. 作为什么的结果
11. Tend to do sth. 倾向去做某事
12. Rely on sb./sth. 依赖某人/某事
13. Take responsibility for sth./sb. 对某人或某事负责
14. Succeed in doing sth. 成功作某事
15. Be aware of 意识到
语言点：
1. he death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years.
2. Die of 死于疾病；die from 死于外因
3. 时态题：Many operations that were considered impossible a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals.
4. 时态题：In the recent past， medical researchers have begun to emphasize the fact that heart disease is associated with（与什么相联系） stress， smoking and a lack of（缺少） exercise.
5. Many are paying more attention to reducing stress in their lives.
6. The number of smokers in the United States is now far（副词用来强调） below the level of twenty years ago as many people succeed in breaking the habit and as fewer people take it up.
7. Benefit 受益（n.或v.）； beneficial 受益的（adj.）
8. Increase 增加；decrease 减少
Text B Dieting Your Way to Health
搭配：
1. Go on 继续
2. Regardless of 不管；无论
3. Have sth. in common 在哪方面有相似之处
4. Lose weight 减肥
5. Do harm to sb./sth.； be harmful to sb./sth. 对某人或某事不利
6. Sth. is supplied to sb. 把某物供应给某人
7. Lose interest in sth. 对什么丧失兴趣
8. Resistance to sth. 对什么的抵制
9. As a result 结果是
10. Suffer from 承受
11. Take the place of 替代
12. Lead to（介词） 导致
13. Result in 导致
14. Lead a happy life 过一个幸福的生活
15. Provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供什么
16. Keep sb./sth. from sth. 事某人或某事免受
17. Take substitutes for sb./sth. 替代
语言点：
1. Though their common aim may seem basically good， they probably do not realize that misguided dieting can do more harm than good to their health.
2. 语法：冠词的顺序问题
a strict diet 试比较 too strict a diet （很严格的饮食）
a great quantity of books 试比较 as great a quantity of books （大量的书）
3. Much less food than usual 此处的much放在比较级less前起到一个强调的作用；less是little的比较级
4. What（what在主语从句中做realize的宾语，指事，所以用what） they do not realize， however， is that carbohydrates are our bodies'main source of energy.
5. As a result， they try to avoid eating（avoid这个动词后如果加动词应该用动词的ing形式） these foods， and consequently， they become weaker and less（less是little的比较级） healthy.
6. They begin to have difficulty sleeping（省略介词in） properly and start to suffer from radical mood changes.
7. In fact，such artificial sweeteners actually increase one's appetite and lead to one's eating even more than usual.
8. Of course， the fact that misguided forms of dieting result in so many problems does not mean that no dieting is safe or all dieting is harmful to the health.
9. Well-balanced 均衡的
10. Skimmed milk 脱脂牛奶
11. Instead of regular milk， one can take skimmed milk， which contains as many proteins and minerals as regular milk but has had the fat removed.（has是完成时态的助动词；had表示使，让；跟在has后面用了have的过去分词形式had；由于脂肪发不出remove的动作，所以用了remove的过去分词形式）
12. In the same way， vegetable oil can be used for cooking instead of animal oil.
搭配：
1. Be diagnosed as 被诊断为
2. Bear similarity to sb./sth. 与什么很相似
3. As to sb./sth 有关于某人或某事
4. At least 至少
5. Become isolated from 与什么相隔立
6. Advice to sb. 给某人的建议
7. Consult sb. for sth. 咨询某人某事
8. Rule out 排出
9. Seek help 寻求帮助
语言点：
1. One afternoon while she was preparing（从one afternoon 可以判断出是过去时；从连词while可以判断出是进行时态，所以为过去进行时）dinner in her kitchen，Anne Peters，a 32-year-old（有连字符时不能加复数）housewife，suddenly had severe pains in her chest accompanied（过去分词做后置定语，表被动，是伴随的意思）by shortness of breath.
2. Frightened（由于此处表示主语Anne自己的情感，所以使用frighten的过去分词frightened） by the thought that she was having a heart attack， Anne screamed for help.
3. Uneasy（心神不安的，不舒服的）-easy
4. They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations where（定语从句中缺少地点状语） people normally would not be afraid.
5. Many claim that psychological stress could be a logical cause， but as yet， no evidence has been found（完成时的被动语态） to support this theory.
6. It is reported that+从句 据报道；it is generally agreed that+从句 大家认为
7. Danger （n.危险）-endanger（v.使危险）
Text B Sleepwalking——Fact or Fancy？
搭配：
1. Commit murder 谋杀
2. Search for sth. 寻找
3. Wake（过去是为woke）up 醒来/唤醒
4. Have the habit of doing sth. 有做某事的习惯
5. Border on 近似于；称得上
6. Have inhibitions against 抑制
7. In general 通常说来
8. Be exaggerated in 在什么方面很夸张
9. More or less 多多少少/几乎
10. Become alarmed about 小心，留意
语言点：
1. Endless 无穷无尽的
2. Persons have been said/reported/known to do sth. 据说人们曾经做过…
3. Lost boy 迷路的小男孩
4. Sleepwalking（动名词作主语） is a scientific reality.
5. What（主语从句中缺少主语指事用waht） is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance.
6. Doctors say that sleepwalking is much more（common的比较级是more common，much放在比较级前用来强调） common than is generally supposed.医生说梦游要比原来人们认为的更为普通。
7. Publicized 出版的
8. 形容词或副词+enough to do sth. 到了某种程度以至于做某事
搭配：
1. Little more than 仅仅是
2. Place sth. on a sound footing 把什么建立在可靠的基础上
3. Be known to sb./sth. 为某人或某事所知
4. Base on 建立在什么基础之上
5. Rather than 而不是
6. Attempt to 试图做某事
7. In the form of 以某种形式
8. Be unaware that+从句 没有意识到
9. The reason for sth. 什么的原因
10. Interfere with 干涉
11. In accordance with 根据
12. With the spread of sth. 随着什么的扩展
13. Increasing reliance on sb./sth. 越来越依赖
语言点：
1. It was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound footing. 这是一个典型的强调句型，not until many centuries later是被强调的成分。
2. Flattened 平面的
3. Given（考虑到） the state of knowledge of those times， he got things wrong.
4. His estimate of China and the Atlantic Ocean was far from being accurate.（动名词作介词宾语，表示一点不准确）
5. Move（v.移动）-immovable（adj.固定不变的）；use（v.使用）-useless（adj.无用的）
6. Assume 假定
Text B You Have a Choice
搭配：
1. Travel side by side 并列行驶
2. Be certain of 对什么很确定
3. Bring about 引起
4. Account for 解释
5. Lead to the same result 导致同一结果
6. Choose one over another 选择一个而不选择另一个
7. Deal with 处理；解决
语言点：
1. We are seated in one of the trains， and with us we have a special speedometer that measures their relative speed.
2. Furthermore，regardless of which explanation we choose，the end result will be the same.
3. Motion（n.行动）-motionless（静止的）
4. At the train station we cannot tell whether it was our train or not.
5. Only after the other train pulled out of the station could we see that it，and not our train，was moving.本句话为倒装句，由only+状语从句构成+助动词+主语+动词的适当形式+其他
搭配：
1. Keep pace with 跟上步伐
2. Compete with 与谁竞争
3. Threat to sb./sth. 对某人或某事构成威胁
4. Be claim to be 声称
5. Be concerned about 对什么感到很担心
6. Look after 照顾
7. Be armed with 装备
语言点：
1. An animal species becomes（虽然species是以s结尾，但此处该词跟在冠次an后，还是单数，所以谓语become用了单数） extinct when it fails to produce enough young in each generation to keep pace with the death rate.
2. Better-adapted 更能适应环境的
3. A number of examples can be given of the way in which（定于从句之所以用in which，是因为in the way表示以某种方式） natural environments are being rapidly changed.
4. Likelihood 可能性
5. Because表示因为是连词，后面应该接句子；because of 表示因为是介词短语，后加名词或代词。
6. Provided（that）+从句，表示如果
7. There is great pleasure in watching wildlife in natural or near-natural environments.
Text B The killer Smogs
搭配：
1. Be filled with 充满
2. Be caused by 由什么引起的
3. Turn into 转变成
4. Combine sth./sb. with 把什么结合在一起
5. Be blown away 被吹走
6. Be due to sb./sth./doing sth. 因为
7. Breath in 呼进
语言点：
1. Fog（n.雾）-foggy（adj.雾的）
2. The first reported event 第一个被报道的事
3. Older people with lung or heart diseases were hit（受害最重/受打击最重） hardest.
4. Deadly 致命的
5. Bad的最高级worst
6. The polluted air 被污染的空气
7. Affect（v.影响）
搭配：
1. Be aware that+从句 意识到
2. Range from…to…范围从什么到什么
3. Vary in degree 程度不同
4. Be tolerant of 忍受
5. Care about 在意
6. Prevent sb. from sth./doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
7. When it comes to doing sth. 涉及到，谈到
8. A mass of 众多
9. End up with 以什么来结束
10. Keep an eye on sb. 留心，留意
语言点：
1. Custom 风俗、习惯；customs 海关
2. In case+句子，表示“假如，万一”
3. Much less than 这里less是little得比较级，less than是比什么少的意思，much放在比较级前用来强调。
4. In addition to breaking the law themselves， people tolerate various levels of crime.
5. It may be that， by seeing others do something， we accept it more easily. See sb. do sth. 看到某人做某事的全过程，或，see sb. doing sth.看到某人正在做某事
6. Most people will find it easier to speed on a highway when everybody else is driving over the speed limit.此句为形式宾语句，形式宾语句的顺序如下：主语+谓语+it+名词或形容词+动词不定式to+其他
7. We must also wonder whether seeing violence on television or reading（动名词作主语） about it in the newspapers every day makes us tolerate crime more than we should.
8. Used to do sth. 表示过去常常做某事
Be/get/become used to doing sth. 现在习惯于做某事
9. They may not mind cheating on taxes. Mind后面需要加动词的ing形式。
10. Acceptable 可以接受的
11. Have misconception about sth. 对什么有错误的观点
12. It is surprising+从句，之所以用surprising而不是surprised是由于它表示某事令某人惊讶；surprised更倾向于某人内心自我感到惊讶
13. 10% of Canadians have a criminal record. 语法题：百分比或分数，其后如果是可数名次复数，那么谓语动词用复数；其后如果是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
Text B Marriage in Iran and America： A Study in Contrasts
语言点：
1. Though marriage is practiced（人们都在做的事） in almost all countries of the world， the customs are qite different from one culture to another.（第一自然段第一句）：虽然结婚是世界上几乎所有的国家的人们都在做的事情，但结婚的习俗确随文化不同而大相径庭。
2. It（形式主语） is interesting for me to（动词不定式作真正主语） compare the customs of marriage in the United States with（compare sth./sb. with sth./sb.拿什么人或时进行比较）those in my country.（第一自然段第二行）
3. I've lived in the U.S. for four years now， but I’m still not comfortable with（对什么习惯） the customs here.我在美国已经生活了四年，但还是不习惯这里的风俗习惯。
4. In fact， what seems strange to me（主语从句中缺少主语指事用what） is that courting or dating is not always for the purpose of（为了什么的目的） finding a husband or wife.（第二自然段第二行）其实，我觉得奇怪的是，求爱或者约会的目的并非总是为了找丈夫或者妻子。
5. Do sth. as a hobby 把做什么当作习惯
6. 翻译题：They seem to have a lot of freedom to decide and do what they want.（第三自然段第二行）它们有很大的自由来决定和做自己想做的事。
7. Do sth. without the knowledge of sb. 做某事而不让某人知晓
8. In fact， I have known several friends who got married（结婚） without even telling（动名词作介词宾语） their parents or other family members.
9. Wedding ceremony 结婚典礼
10. A prepared speech 准备好的演讲
11. Be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事
12. If they both say “yes，” and nobody attending（现在分词做后置定语） the wedding stands up to object（站起身反对）， they are declared “man and wife.”（第四自然段倒数第四行）如果双方都说同意，并且出席婚礼的人当中也没人站起来反对，就宣布他们为夫妻。
13. Be involved in 参与
14. If she is pleased， （表示人内心的情感，用过去分词作表语）then she will return another day with her son. （第五自然段倒数第四行）如果母亲满意了，他会某天带儿子再来。
15. The actual marriage ceremony is quite different， however， from（与什么不同） the American wedding ceremonies I have seen.
16. Twice the bride must remain（保持，是个半系动词，后面接形容词） silent to the questions of the mullah.（第六自然段第六行）对毛拉（参考593页单词表里对毛拉的注解）两次提出的问题，新娘都不应作答。
17. Take care of 照顾或处理
18. Sth. given to sb. 赋予给某人某事 e.g. the freedom that is given to American youths 赋予给美国年轻人的权利。
第一段
1. Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.（第一句）
Spread（传播） through our lives thoroughly=在我们的生活中无处不在
不确定性在我们的生活中无所不在，以致它支配着我们的语言。
2. 第二句：is made up in large part of words
be made up of 构成；in large part 很大程度上
3. 第五行：“is likely to destroy forever the nation that wages it.”
Be likely to do sth. 很可能做某事；wage it（the war） 发动战争
4. 最后一句话：Lacking（现在分词作原因状语，用现分的原因是主语we能够发出lack的动作） any standard for estimating the probability， we are left with（放任） the judgment of the editorial writer.
因为我们缺乏任何估计这一可能性的标准，只好听任社论作者去做出判断了。
第二段
1. 第一句：Such verbal imprecision is not necessarily to be criticized.
Be necessarily to do sth. 做某件事情没有太大必要
句中采用了to be criticized是由于主语verbal imprecision（言辞的不精确性）无法发出criticize（批评）的动作。
这类言辞的不精确性并非一定要受到批评。
2. 第二句：allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
be out of the question 不可能；不能接受；be out of question 没问题
第三段
1. 最后一句：can not be reduced to sth./sb.
be reduced to 转化为
第四段
1. 第一句：pin down sth. 准确说明
2. 最后一句：compare sb./sth. with sb./sth. 拿某人或某事对比
第五段
1. First， we find that the number depends， of course， on the items involved.（过去分词作后置定语，表示涉及）
Depend on 依靠；依赖
当然，我们首先发现的是数目决定于涉及的事务。
2. 第三行：However， unrelated（不相关的） areas sometimes show parallel（相似、类似） values.
然而，同一个词在不相关的领域中有时量值相似。
3. 第五行：be certain to do sth. 一定做某事
4. 第六行：signify to sb. 对某人意味着
be likely to do sth. 很有可能做某事
第七段
1. 第一行：Thirdly， there is a marked （过分作定语，表示明显的）change with age.
数目随年龄显著变化
2. 第二行：The older the child， the fewer glass balls he will take. 越来越句型
年龄越大，取得玻璃球就越小。
3.P603页，上数第二行：in place of 替代
Text B It Never Rains but It Pours
第一段
1. 第二行：used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
请比较 be/get/become used to doing sth. 习惯做某事
2. 第五行：regard sth./sb. as 把什么看成
with no relevance to sb./sth. 与某人或某事没有联系
第二段
1. 第一句：Advice about how to live a healthy life is one example of the type of received wisdom which is condensed and passed on to the next generation in the form of proverbs.
介词about后面是动词不定式to作宾语，动词或介词后可以+特问词+to do sth.的用法。E.g. I don't know where to go.或what to say.
Received wisdom 公认的智慧
Pass on to 传与后代
In the form of 以某种形式
2. 第四行：There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。
第三段
1. 第二行：Don't wash your dirty linen in public. 家丑不可外扬。
2. 第五行：It's no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
3. 最后一行：Make the best of a bad job. 亡羊补牢。
第四段
1. P615上数第三行：This proverb is based on（基于） an old English law dating back to（追溯到） the 17th century.
2. P615上数第六行：Hence the idea carried in the proverb that everyone should be allowed to make a mistake without being punished for it.
因此，格言包含的寓意是，应该允许任何人犯一次错而不受惩罚。
第五段
1. 第四行：be harmful to sb. 对某人有害
2. 第五行：Don't cause trouble when it（指trouble） can be avoided. 能避开时就别去惹麻烦。
第六段
1. 第一行：As Britain came into contact with（开始接触） other countries and cultures， English became enriched with（变得丰富多彩） the words and wisdom of different languages.
随着英国接触别的国家和文化，英语吸收了不同语言的词汇和智慧，因而变得丰富多彩。
2. 第五行：It（形式主语） is often easier to carry it through to the end（真正的主语） than to （不可省略，因为than前面与后面应该并列同等）stop halfway. （开始了某项危险的事业），坚持到底比半途而废要更容易。
第七段
1. 第一行：Some proverbs have been（完成时的使用是因为后面的时间状语为时间段） in the language for 1，000 years.
2. 第二行：The message here is that someone who stays with you and helps you in times of trouble， rather than（相当于一个介词，表示而不是） turning their back， is a true friend.
意思是在困难时帮助你，和你共患难而不是对你置之不理的人才是你真正的朋友。
第八段
1.第三行：remind sb. that+从句 提醒某人某事
3. P616. 上数第一行 If someone buys you lunch， they will expect a favor in return.（回报）
如果有人请你吃午饭，他会指望将来你给他回报。
第九段
1. 第一行：Some English people are reluctant to（不愿做某事） use proverbs in their everyday conversation because they see them as（把什么看作） vehicles（表现） of too much used wisdom（陈词滥调）。 有些英国人在日常谈话中不愿使用格言，因为他们把格言看成是陈词滥调的表现。
2. 第四行：written English 书面英语；spoken English 口头英语
homely 简明扼要的
commentary on sth. 点评某事
最后一行：be useful to sb. 对某人来说很有用